Effects of incubation times and moisture regimes on pH values and exchangeable cations in acid sulfate soils as influenced by application rates of basic slag

Severe acidifications in acid sulfate soils (ASSs) have occurred worldwide due to sulfuric acidity, which requires sustainable measures for their reclamation. Accordingly, an incubation study was conducted with the topsoil of two different ASSs (Cheringa and Badarkhali) to evaluate the effects of basic slag (BS; size <1 mm, pH 9.6, Ca 20.8%, Mg 9.8%, etc.), on reduction of acidity and changes in exchangeable cations. It is noted that BS is a byproduct of steel industry in Bangladesh and can be collected almost free of charge. These soils received BS at the rate of 0 (T₀), 11 (T₁), 22 (T₂) and 33 (T₃) t ha⁻¹ under various moisture regimes (saturated condition M₁,_, i.e., 100% moisture content, wetting–drying cycles of 100 and 50% moisture M_2, and moisture at field condition M₃, i.e., 50%). The impacts of these treatments on some selected parameters in these soils were studied within 180 days of incubation. The application of BS was found to increase the pH of soils from 3.6 to 5.1 for Cheringa, 3.9 to 5.2 for Badarkhali soils at the end of incubation. These increments were more striking with the highest doses of BS under saturated moisture conditions in both of the soils. The ECe of the soils was not much influenced by the application of BS regardless of time. The treatments exerted significant (P ≤ 0.05) effects on exchangeable cations in different periods of incubation. The striking changes were recorded for the rate of increments of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, which were about 2–3 times higher for Ca and more than 2 times higher for Mg²⁺ compared with the control after 180 days of incubation. These results suggest that the application of BS not only increased the Ca²⁺ to the higher amount than that of the increment of Mg²⁺ in the soils, but also improved one of the important criteria of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ratio in the soils.     

2酸度水平下亚铁离子对苜蓿幼苗生理特性的影响

为探明酸环境和亚铁离子胁迫对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)幼苗各生理特性指标的影响,寻求酸性土壤中适宜紫花苜蓿生长发育的环境亚铁离子浓度区间,于2007年2月以苜蓿品种W525为试验材料,采用砂培的方法研究了酸性(pH=4.5)和弱酸性(pH=6)环境中Fe²⁺(10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg,150 mg/kg和200mg/kg)对苜蓿幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明:酸铁胁迫共存的环境中,叶绿素含量变化主要由环境酸度引起;根系活力对Fe²⁺浓度变化更为敏感;而光系统Ⅱ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、可溶性糖含量和膜透性同时受酸环境和Fe²⁺浓度的共同影响;酸性环境(pH=4.5)中100 mg/kg的Fe²⁺含量已达到苜蓿幼苗的耐受极限;弱酸环境(pH=6)下150 mg/kg的Fe²⁺含量才达到苜蓿幼苗的耐受极限,而50 mg/kg的Fe²⁺浓度尚能促进的苜蓿生长;10 mg/kg~50 mg/kg的Fe²⁺含量是苜蓿在两种酸度土壤中共同的最适生长区间,两种酸度环境下该Fe²⁺浓度范围内的根系活力、光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光系统Ⅱ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)均显著高于100 mg/kg~200mg/kg的Fe²⁺处理(P<0.05)。     

Relative Neutralizing Value as an Indicator of Actual Liming Ability of Limestone and Byproduct Materials

Methods used to compare the effectiveness of liming materials (e.g., relative neutralizing value, RNV; effective calcium carbonate equivalent, ECCE) were developed for ground limestone. This method is relatively untested on industrial byproducts that could be used when limestone is expensive or unavailable. The objective was to determine if RNV applies to both ground limestones and industrial byproducts. A 42-d incubation study was performed on three acid soils with 11 ground limestones and 9 different byproducts at four rates based on titration and the modified Adams-Evans buffer method. Overall effectiveness, assessed as RNV compared to Ca(OH)₂, averaged 101.5 ± 0.9% for all the evaluated liming materials, except the paper sludge and dolomitic marble. Thus, RNV was a good estimate of neutralizing ability when particle size was accurate. Addition of RNV to packaging would facilitate the commercial use of byproducts as liming materials allowing consumers to compare products by price and properties.     

低温胁迫下S-诱抗素拌种对玉米生理指标的影响

为探讨S-诱抗素在低温胁迫下对玉米(Zea mays)的生理调控作用,选用‘大丰30号’玉米种子为材料,S-诱抗素不同有效成分剂量(0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/kg)包衣玉米种子,玉米出苗后使用培养箱模拟低温环境,待玉米长至三叶期,测定玉米幼苗生物学性状、根系活力、叶绿素含量和叶片保护酶活性等生理指标。结果表明：低温胁迫下,S-诱抗素拌种处理能显著提高玉米幼苗生长量、根系活力、叶绿素含量和保护酶活性;降低膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量;增加渗透调节物质还原糖和信息传递物质可溶性蛋白质的积累,且均随着S-诱抗素有效成分的增加呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,表明S-诱抗素提高玉米耐寒性的介导调控具有一定浓度效应,整体表现为低促高抑。     

不同土壤有机碳测定方法的比较

对土壤碳的准确定量是研究土壤肥力和农业固碳的前提。本文选择我国不同有机碳和无机碳含量的8个代表性土壤/沉积物样品,比较湿氧化法、酸洗法和间接法三类方法对有机碳含量的测定效果。研究结果表明:对有机碳含量为3.4~11.5 g/kg的土壤和沉积物样品,湿氧化法有较低的平均相对误差(0.32%~4.72%)和变异系数(0.40%~1.22%),间接法的平均相对误差(5.16%~20.46%)和变异系数(0.60%~7.00%)都较高,而酸洗法介于这两个方法之间。说明在保持稳定准确的加热温度情况下,湿氧化法对土壤/沉积物有机碳含量的测定比较稳定和准确,且操作简单。对大部分样品,由于酸对土壤无机碳难以充分溶解,造成酸洗法和间接法的有机碳测定值偏高,且变异系数较大。     

西瓜根系分泌酸性磷酸酶对有机肥营养的响应

有机肥营养对西瓜品质具有提升效果,但根系对有机肥中养分的吸收机制尚不完全清楚,尤其对磷素的利用机制。本研究关注西瓜根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性对有机肥施用的响应。采用模拟西瓜根系分泌物的方法研究有机酸对有机肥中可溶性全磷和有效磷含量的影响;采用砂培的方法,研究有机肥中的磷替代化肥磷时西瓜根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性的响应;采用田间试验研究有机肥替代化肥以及有机肥不同施用量对西瓜根际酸性磷酸酶活性、西瓜磷营养、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,有机肥中水浸提可溶性全磷含量为6.9 g?kg~(-1),可溶性无机磷含量为525.1 mg?kg~(-1),可溶性全磷中无机磷占7.6%,有机磷占92.4%,可溶性有机磷需经过水解后才能被根系吸收。有机肥中磷替代化肥磷时,西瓜根系和根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性均显著提高,西瓜茎、叶中磷含量提高。施用三倍有机肥时西瓜根际土壤有效磷含量和西瓜产量提高。因此,有机肥中磷替代化肥磷时,西瓜通过提高根系分泌酸性磷酸酶的活性而提高利用有机磷的能力。     

巴西橡胶树胶乳中黄色体破裂指数测定方法的优化

黄色体破裂指数是橡胶树胶乳生理诊断方法的一个核心指标,但目前使用的黄色体破裂指数测定方法存在重复性差、准确性不高的缺陷。以无性系热研7-33-97为材料,比较胶乳采集、样品保存、游离酸性磷酸酶活性的测定及总酸性磷酸酶活性的测定等几个环节对破裂指数测定的影响。结果表明：C-乳清是测定游离酸性磷酸酶活性的最佳样品,并于4 ℃放置24 h不会影响游离酸性磷酸酶活性的测定;全胶乳经冻融、震荡及去污剂处理后,可得到最高的总酸性磷酸酶活性;反应完毕后的离心速度对实验结果无明显影响。此方法具有重复性好、准确性高的特点,是一种适合黄色体破裂指数测定的方法。     

施用豆科绿肥对酸性土壤有机磷组分的动态影响

为科学施用绿肥,改良酸性土壤,采用尼龙袋法研究了施用豆科绿肥尖叶木蓝(Indigofera zollingeriana)、铺地木蓝(Indigofera spicata)、扁豆(Lablab purpureus)与链荚豆(Alysicarpus vaginalis)后,酸性土壤有机磷在1年内的动态变化.结果表明:4种绿肥均可显著增加土壤有机磷的总量,但尖叶木蓝的效果最好,铺地木兰的最差.链荚豆对土壤活性有机磷的提升效果最好,铺地木蓝的效果最差;尖叶木蓝对中等活性有机磷的提升效果最好,铺地木蓝的效果最差;4种绿肥均可显著降低土壤中稳性有机磷的含量,以铺地木蓝的幅度最大,尖叶木蓝的次之,其余2种最小;对于高稳性有机磷,以尖叶木蓝处理的含量增加幅度最大,其余3种在不同施肥阶段表现各异.在施肥时间方面,以施肥30 d效果最为显著,随后因绿肥种类的不同而有所差异.     

饲用高粱品种品质性状的比较及评价

为筛选出适宜通辽地区种植的饲用高粱(Sorghum bicolor)品种,2011 年对8个饲用高粱品种进行了田间比较试验,系统测定并分析了与动物生产性能相关的粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的含量,及鲜草产量、干草产量、干鲜比。结果表明:大力士和甜格雷兹品质性状均优于其他6个品种,且品种间差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),通甜1号草产量最高,而品质略低于大力士和甜格雷兹,因此大力士、甜格雷兹适合作青饲利用,通甜1号适合作青贮利用,这3个品种在通辽地区均具有推广价值。     

EMS对不同大豆品种M2代农艺性状的影响

为了明确甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)对不同大豆品种的诱变效果,利用0.5% EMS溶液处理4个大豆品种种子,对M2代主要农艺性状的遗传变异进行分析。结果表明：各品种的农艺性状均发生一定程度的变异,分枝数的变异系数最大,其次为单株粒数、单株荚数和单株粒重,而株高和主茎节数的变异系数较小,但在早熟品种当中这些变异大多达到显著水平,而在晚熟品种中均未达显著水平。从熟期的变异来看,各品种都诱变出早熟或晚熟的变异株,总的熟期变异株比例达43.1%,且早熟突变比例(24.6%)大于晚熟突变(18.5%),但在早熟品种中无论是早熟突变还是晚熟突变的比例都大于晚熟品种。